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The skeletal muscle lipid paradox, Type 3 diabetes and the lactate shuttle theory

Skeletal muscle lipid paradox – “A significant histological finding pertaining to skeletal fat metabolism occurs in physically fit individuals as well as in individuals with T2D, where both populations show an accumulation of intramuscular triglycerides. as both physically fit individuals as well as individuals with T2D are characterized by the presence of a “lipid droplet” […]

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 9

Part 9. Welcome. I learned some neat stuff from reading this paper and I would like to share: Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in cardiovascular diseases, affecting both heart and vascular tissues. The heart, which is highly oxidative, relies on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, primarily through fatty acid β-oxidation and aerobic

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 7

Part 7. The lack of physical exercise can have deleterious effects on mitochondrial function. Physical inactivity has been associated with the following diseases: Low cardiorespiratory fitness is considered to be responsible for the highest percentage of all attributable fractions for all-cause mortality. No metric predicts risk for all-cause mortality better than VO2 max1. This study

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 6

Part 6, this should be fun. Interestingly, mitochondria are the main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are necessary and involved in maintaining the following: With almost anything in biology, there is an optimal range of ROS concentration. Excess ROS production can be countered with antioxidants such as: If ROS production exceeds antioxidant capacity

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 5

“Mitochondrial function is key in health and disease.” – Inigo San-Millan Part 5. Notes from this fantastic review paper by Inigo San-Millan. Okay I will attempt to summarize the bioenergetics of mitochondria and the krebs cycle. Fatty acids convert to Acyl-CoA. They then undergo β–oxidation and are converted to Acetyl-CoA for oxidation in the Krebs

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 4

Part 4. Let’s do this. Something to quickly note from Andy Galpin’s lactate performance lecture. When drinking alcohol you metabolize ethanol with anaerobic glycolysis. This downregulates fat metabolism. Normally the fat stored in the liver would be metabolized, but since you have placed ethanol ahead of it in the metabolism cue, liver fat accumulates. When

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 3

Here we go! Part 3 of this review paper written by Inigo San-Millan. This post will explore some of the bioenergetics of mitochondria. Mitochondria burn (oxidize) energy from macronutrients through oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in the Krebs cycle. Mitochondria oxidize all major substrates derived from macronutrients. Mitochondria oxidizes pyruvate from carbohydrates, fatty acids derived from

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 2

Hello there! We continue this note series on this review paper written by Iñigo San-Millán. The cell nucleus contains genes encoding for about 1200 proteins involved in:⦁ Mitochondrial structure⦁ Membrane⦁ Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) repair Nuclear DNA – The DNA found in the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA – The DNA found in the mitochondria. “Nuclear DNA

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Notes on: The key role of mitochondrial function in health and disease part 1

The following notes are from this review paper written by Iñigo San-Millán. Enjoy! Resting conditions (fatty acids & carbohydrates) — Transported — > mitochondria –> oxidized to Acetyl-CoA –> Posterior oxidation in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) <– This is called oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) –> creates Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy currency of

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